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Antibiotic-associated Colitis -- C difficile

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(Antibiotic-associated Diarrhea, Clostridium difficile-induced Colitis, C diff)

Definition

Antibiotic-associated colitis is an irritation in your large intestine. It happens when there is a disruption in the bacteria of your intestines after taking antibiotic medication. Colitis can lead to diarrhea and abdominal cramping.
One type of bacteria that can cause this colitis is called C. difficile . This bacteria can spread easily from person to person or from contaminated surface s . An infection with this bacteria is most common in people staying in hospitals or other care centers. The infection is often very serious.
The Stomach, Liver, and Intestines
Normal Anatomy of the Large and Small Intestine
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Causes

Your intestine is normally full of good bacteria. When you take antibiotics, they often kill all the good bacteria in your intestine. This creates a perfect home for bacteria called C. difficile . This particular bacteria is not killed by the antibiotics and begins to grow out of control. As it grows, the bacteria makes toxins. These toxins irritate the lining of the intestine and cause swelling, leading to pain and diarrhea.

Risk Factors

Factors that increase your chance of having this condition include:
  • You use antibiotics.
  • You are elderly.
  • You are or have been hospitalized or a long-term care resident.
  • You have a severe illness.
Other possible risk factors include:

Symptoms

If you have any of these symptoms, do not assume it is due to antibiotic-associated colitis. These symptoms may be caused by other health conditions. See your doctor if you have:

Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. Tests may include:
  • Stool samples —to identify the toxins made by the bacteria
  • CT scan —a type of x-ray that uses a computer to make pictures of the inside of the body
  • Colonoscopy —a thin, lighted tube inserted through the rectum and into the colon to examine the lining of the colon

Treatment

If you are diagnosed with this condition, follow your doctor's instructions .
Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Treatment options include the following:

Fluid Replacement

Severe diarrhea can make it difficult for your body to take in and keep fluids. You may have fluid treatments to help replace lost fluids. Your doctor may simply encourage you to drink more fluids. For severe fluid loss your doctor may recommend an IV to deliver fluids directly to your bloodstream.

Medications

The first step is to stop taking your current antibiotic. The colitis usually goes away within two weeks of stopping the current antibiotic. Talk with your doctor first before stopping the antibiotic.
You may be given a different antibiotic that is known to kill C. difficile .
You may also be given probiotics. These are healthy bacteria that will help your intestine get back to normal. Try not to use antidiarrheal drugs such as loperamide and opiates.

Surgery

In very severe cases, surgery may be needed. This is rare.
Surgery may be needed to remove the affected part of the intestine. This is called a colectomy . The small intestine may also be connected to an opening in the abdominal wall. This will allow waste to pass to a bag outside of the body.

Prevention

There are a few steps that may help you avoid this infection.
  • Be aware of the role of antibiotics:
    • Reduce your use of antibiotics. Antibiotics should only be used when your doctor has confirmed that you have a bacterial infection.
    • If you are prescribed antibiotics, ask your doctor if you should take a probiotic also. Probiotics may help protect the normal bacterial growth in your intestines.
  • This type of infection can spread easily. To help prevent any infection:
    • Wash your hands often with soap and water.
    • If you are in a care facility make sure any health care staff are washing their hands before coming in contact with you. Ask your visitors to wash their hands while visiting with you.
  • Keep in mind that C. difficile can also pass through contact with infected surfaces. To avoid spreading an infection:
    • Make sure to clean any affected surfaces with a disinfectant that contains bleach if someone has had an infection at home.
    • Precautions will be taken in the hospital if you have a C. difficile infection. This should include gloves and protective gowns for staff or visitors.

RESOURCES

Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of America http://www.ccfa.org

National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov

CANADIAN RESOURCES

Canadian Association of Gastroenterology http://www.cag-acg.org/

Canadian Digestive Health Foundation http://www.cdhf.ca/index.html

References

Antibiotic-associated colitis. Merck website. Available at: http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec09/ch127/ch127a.html . Accessed November 30, 2006.

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea. DynaMed website. Available at: http://dynamed102.epnet.com/Detail.aspx?id=114443 . Accessed November 30, 2006.

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Mayo Clinic website. Available at: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/antibiotic-associated-diarrhea/DS00454 . Accessed November 30, 2006.

Clostridium difficile infection. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed . Updated July 19, 2012. Accessed August 29, 2012.

Heinlen L, Ballard JD. Clostridium difficile infection. Am J Med Sci . 2010 Sep;340(3):247-52.

Hensgens MP, Goorhuis A, Notermans DW, van Benthem BH, Kuijper EJ. Changing epidemiology of infections in the Netherlands in 2008/09. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd . 2010;154:A1317.

Navaneethan U, Venkatesh PG, Shen B. Clostridium difficile infection and inflammatory bowel disease: understanding the evolving relationship. World J Gastroenterol . 2010 Oct 21;16(39):4892-904.

Use of gastric acid-suppressive agents and the risk of community-acquired Clostridium difficile -associated disease. JAMA . 2005 Dec 21;294(23):2989-95.

Revision Information

  • Reviewer: Daus Mahnke, MD
  • Review Date: 03/2013 -
  • Update Date: 00/31/2013 -

This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.

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